# Modular Blockchains

Monolithic blockchain systems are tightly integrated frameworks but often face challenges in aligning participants through crypto-economic incentives and bootstrapping security. This means that participants are incentivized to act in ways that benefit the network, such as validating transactions or securing the network. In contrast, modular systems offer increased flexibility and trade-off options for developers, enhancing prospects for interoperability and innovation. For example, applications can interact more trustlessly by sharing a data availability layer. These incremental yet innovative steps push the envelope of blockchain capabilities.

Both monolithic and modular infrastructures require decentralized consensus and distributed networks of validators for bootstrapping security. However, the distinction lies in the specific tasks assigned to these full nodes and validators. In monolithic chains, validators are responsible for executing tasks and reaching consensus on the chain’s current state. Conversely, in modular chains, the validators’ consensus focuses solely on determining the order and availability of data, disregarding state. This relieves validators of modular networks from the burdensome calculations associated with state management.

<figure><img src="https://1107082876-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2F7lBsLLx6gAiDZtmvegCQ%2Fuploads%2Fz5sv7EbMIAQxxqThk77f%2Fimage.png?alt=media&#x26;token=78e4e1ec-462b-4d49-9561-7dce780dc9a2" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

When comparing both, modular blockchains emerge as clear winners, offering numerous advantages. They are more flexible, adaptable, and scalable, giving developers a broader range of options to create innovative applications. Modular blockchains also reduce the chances of network ossification by allowing easy bug fixes or upgrades without requiring a hard fork since tasks are distributed across separate modules. Moreover, a modular design helps create a synergistic ecosystem that can handle increased transaction capacity while preserving the benefits of blockchain.

A standout feature of modular design is its ability to seamlessly integrate with other data layers. In the current monolithic landscape, communication between applications within the same chain is straightforward. However, if they exist on different chains, navigating trust boundaries becomes necessary. These cross-trust zone bridges have proven to be fragile and prone to vulnerabilities.

By adopting a modular stack and incorporating a shared data availability layer, a significant advantage emerges. The rollups built on this shared layer reside within the same security zone, enabling them to interoperate more trustlessly. This arrangement promotes synchronous composability, atomicity, and streamlined communication within the application, minimizing the need to traverse trust boundaries and fostering a more efficient and secure environment for cross-application interactions.

Achieving a scalable and efficient blockchain ecosystem requires thorough exploration, integration of modularity, and enhanced data availability. As developers push the boundaries, concepts like modularity will become more prevalent.

